India China Relations : Galwan clashes and Beyond || Shubhra Ranjan

India China relations:
Contemporary issues: Events at Doklam, Galwan, Wuhan, RIC, BRICS, Covid, Indo-Pacific, QUAD, SCO – all developments relate to the relations b/w two asian giants India & China. Events should not be looked at in isolated manner, rather they are all inter-linked, try and understand things in perspective.
Causes behind Galwan causes? whether it is Galwan/ dams on Brahmaputra / CPEC / China – Pak axis issue?

After the end of Cold War, we are witnessing the change in the world order. Foreign policy of the country are responses or adjustments with the world order. Post Cold War world order, from 1991 – 2001 (till 9/11) is a world of US hegemony. As per Kenneth Waltz 'Polarity of Power thesis' we can always say that unipolarity is never stable – as it results into a. hegemon overstretches itself Eg. USA b.Free riders like China, India, Russia, EU take the advantage of order WTO, WB, etc. established by US. 
Power is a zero sum game, increase in power of countries like RIC will result in decrease of power of USA. Up till 2001 – unipolarity. From 2001-2008 (2003 war of US against Iraq many countries like China, Russia, Germany, etc. US invasion of Iraq as it failed to generate consensus as it got consensus during gulf war when Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait) – beginning of decline of US hegemony
2008 – Global Financial Crisis – marks the distinct decline of US hegemony to the extent that China could dare to accuse/lecture US model of finance US is not working, around itself China built BRICS, first BRICS summit took place in 2009 – important moment as it shows the beginning of China's assertiveness and US policy of Asia pivot/rebalance. Change of guard in USA and Obama administration launched the policy of Asia pivot aka Asia Rebalance. US has overstretched itself ie. why it was essential US makes its own house in order, analyst of International politics project that there is contrast in FP of Obama and FP of Trump. But only difference is theatrics and more of continuity, no qualitative change.

Us during Trump withdrawal started from UNESCO, Paris Agreement, etc. Obama's election issue was withdrawal from Afghan, Iraq, emphasised on Asia pivot. Hillary Clinton held that India is a part of big plan of Obama, US is making strategic bet on India. She also talked about India shouldn't only look east but also act east. Ideas like Indo pacific, QUAD, hence FP is more of continuity.

From 2008 GFC, decline of US hegemony – US withdrawing from world affairs and focusing on internal developments. Idea of Asia rebalance or Asia Pivot – All these policies aimed at containment of China. So US officials used to talk about rise of China remains peaceful, diplomatic lanaguge. By this time it was clear China is a challenge to US hegemony.
2009 – Distinct decline of US hegemony and distinct rise of China
2012 – Xi Xingping, by this time US in the state of decline, right moment when China can end its 'hide and bide' strategy – and goes for it assertive policies. After Xi, Chinese problems with its neighbours – Philippines, Vietnam, etc. China started challenging existing norms institutions, it denied that I would abide by verdict of permanent court of arbitration on the dispute of islands in SCS. After Xi coming to power we see Chinese incursions in Chumar, Doklam, Galwan. Chinese went for aggressive display of its power.

2019 – Covid crisis – 1st crisis where we see no US leadership
US is trying to protect its hegemony (protect its norms, institutions – freedom of navigation, rule based world order, transparency) and China is challenging and is bent on displacing US hegemony (China is establishing its own vision of world order, its own norms, and institutions)
1. Why US wants to maintain its hegemony?
2. Why China wants to establish its hegemony?
Acc Mearsheimer belonging to the school of offensive realism, considering the structure of intl pol which is anarchical in nature — nations suffer from security dilemma. If Kenneth Waltz suggest nations would try to achieve balance of power, Mearsheimer suggest nations want to become preponderant power or try to achieve hegemony – as it is the only way to secure their interest completely.
It is natural for any country to seek hegemony, because you suffer from security dilemma.
Nations seek hegemony as security and prosperity depends on it. hence long term aim of FP of India (Pt. Nehru held that India should get its rightful place in the comity of nations), US, China all are trying to establish hegemony.

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